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A pesar de nuestros mejores esfuerzos para agarrar a nuestros clientes y extraerles requisitos exactos usando el dolor de cosas horribles que impliquen tijeras y cera caliente, los requisitos cambiarán. La mayoría de los clientes no sabe lo que quiere hasta que lo ve, e incluso si lo saben, no son buenos explicando qué quieren de forma lo suficientemente precisa como para que sea útil. Así que prepárese para actualizar los casos de prueba según cambien los requisitos.
Suponga, por ejemplo, que quería expandir el rango de las funciones de conversión de números romanos. ¿Recuerda la regla que decía que ningún carácter podía repetirse más de tres veces? Bien, los romanos quisieron hacer una excepción a esta regla teniendo 4 caracteres M seguidos para representar 4000. Si hace este cambio, será capaz de expandir el rango de los números convertibles de 1..3999 a 1..4999. Pero primero necesitará hacer algunos cambios en los casos de prueba.
Este fichero está disponible en py/roman/stage7/ dentro del directorio de ejemplos.
Si aún no lo ha hecho, puede descargar éste ejemplo y otros usados en este libro.
import roman71 import unittest class KnownValues(unittest.TestCase): knownValues = ( (1, 'I'), (2, 'II'), (3, 'III'), (4, 'IV'), (5, 'V'), (6, 'VI'), (7, 'VII'), (8, 'VIII'), (9, 'IX'), (10, 'X'), (50, 'L'), (100, 'C'), (500, 'D'), (1000, 'M'), (31, 'XXXI'), (148, 'CXLVIII'), (294, 'CCXCIV'), (312, 'CCCXII'), (421, 'CDXXI'), (528, 'DXXVIII'), (621, 'DCXXI'), (782, 'DCCLXXXII'), (870, 'DCCCLXX'), (941, 'CMXLI'), (1043, 'MXLIII'), (1110, 'MCX'), (1226, 'MCCXXVI'), (1301, 'MCCCI'), (1485, 'MCDLXXXV'), (1509, 'MDIX'), (1607, 'MDCVII'), (1754, 'MDCCLIV'), (1832, 'MDCCCXXXII'), (1993, 'MCMXCIII'), (2074, 'MMLXXIV'), (2152, 'MMCLII'), (2212, 'MMCCXII'), (2343, 'MMCCCXLIII'), (2499, 'MMCDXCIX'), (2574, 'MMDLXXIV'), (2646, 'MMDCXLVI'), (2723, 'MMDCCXXIII'), (2892, 'MMDCCCXCII'), (2975, 'MMCMLXXV'), (3051, 'MMMLI'), (3185, 'MMMCLXXXV'), (3250, 'MMMCCL'), (3313, 'MMMCCCXIII'), (3408, 'MMMCDVIII'), (3501, 'MMMDI'), (3610, 'MMMDCX'), (3743, 'MMMDCCXLIII'), (3844, 'MMMDCCCXLIV'), (3888, 'MMMDCCCLXXXVIII'), (3940, 'MMMCMXL'), (3999, 'MMMCMXCIX'), (4000, 'MMMM'),(4500, 'MMMMD'), (4888, 'MMMMDCCCLXXXVIII'), (4999, 'MMMMCMXCIX')) def testToRomanKnownValues(self): """toRoman should give known result with known input""" for integer, numeral in self.knownValues: result = roman71.toRoman(integer) self.assertEqual(numeral, result) def testFromRomanKnownValues(self): """fromRoman should give known result with known input""" for integer, numeral in self.knownValues: result = roman71.fromRoman(numeral) self.assertEqual(integer, result) class ToRomanBadInput(unittest.TestCase): def testTooLarge(self): """toRoman should fail with large input""" self.assertRaises(roman71.OutOfRangeError, roman71.toRoman, 5000)
def testZero(self): """toRoman should fail with 0 input""" self.assertRaises(roman71.OutOfRangeError, roman71.toRoman, 0) def testNegative(self): """toRoman should fail with negative input""" self.assertRaises(roman71.OutOfRangeError, roman71.toRoman, -1) def testNonInteger(self): """toRoman should fail with non-integer input""" self.assertRaises(roman71.NotIntegerError, roman71.toRoman, 0.5) class FromRomanBadInput(unittest.TestCase): def testTooManyRepeatedNumerals(self): """fromRoman should fail with too many repeated numerals""" for s in ('MMMMM', 'DD', 'CCCC', 'LL', 'XXXX', 'VV', 'IIII'):
self.assertRaises(roman71.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman71.fromRoman, s) def testRepeatedPairs(self): """fromRoman should fail with repeated pairs of numerals""" for s in ('CMCM', 'CDCD', 'XCXC', 'XLXL', 'IXIX', 'IVIV'): self.assertRaises(roman71.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman71.fromRoman, s) def testMalformedAntecedent(self): """fromRoman should fail with malformed antecedents""" for s in ('IIMXCC', 'VX', 'DCM', 'CMM', 'IXIV', 'MCMC', 'XCX', 'IVI', 'LM', 'LD', 'LC'): self.assertRaises(roman71.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman71.fromRoman, s) def testBlank(self): """fromRoman should fail with blank string""" self.assertRaises(roman71.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman71.fromRoman, "") class SanityCheck(unittest.TestCase): def testSanity(self): """fromRoman(toRoman(n))==n for all n""" for integer in range(1, 5000):
numeral = roman71.toRoman(integer) result = roman71.fromRoman(numeral) self.assertEqual(integer, result) class CaseCheck(unittest.TestCase): def testToRomanCase(self): """toRoman should always return uppercase""" for integer in range(1, 5000): numeral = roman71.toRoman(integer) self.assertEqual(numeral, numeral.upper()) def testFromRomanCase(self): """fromRoman should only accept uppercase input""" for integer in range(1, 5000): numeral = roman71.toRoman(integer) roman71.fromRoman(numeral.upper()) self.assertRaises(roman71.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman71.fromRoman, numeral.lower()) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main()
Ahora nuestros casos de prueba están actualizados a los nuevos requisitos, pero nuestro código no, así que espere que varios de ellos fallen.
fromRoman should only accept uppercase input ... ERRORtoRoman should always return uppercase ... ERROR fromRoman should fail with blank string ... ok fromRoman should fail with malformed antecedents ... ok fromRoman should fail with repeated pairs of numerals ... ok fromRoman should fail with too many repeated numerals ... ok fromRoman should give known result with known input ... ERROR
toRoman should give known result with known input ... ERROR
fromRoman(toRoman(n))==n for all n ... ERROR
toRoman should fail with non-integer input ... ok toRoman should fail with negative input ... ok toRoman should fail with large input ... ok toRoman should fail with 0 input ... ok
====================================================================== ERROR: fromRoman should only accept uppercase input ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage7\romantest71.py", line 161, in testFromRomanCase numeral = roman71.toRoman(integer) File "roman71.py", line 28, in toRoman raise OutOfRangeError, "number out of range (must be 1..3999)" OutOfRangeError: number out of range (must be 1..3999) ====================================================================== ERROR: toRoman should always return uppercase ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage7\romantest71.py", line 155, in testToRomanCase numeral = roman71.toRoman(integer) File "roman71.py", line 28, in toRoman raise OutOfRangeError, "number out of range (must be 1..3999)" OutOfRangeError: number out of range (must be 1..3999) ====================================================================== ERROR: fromRoman should give known result with known input ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage7\romantest71.py", line 102, in testFromRomanKnownValues result = roman71.fromRoman(numeral) File "roman71.py", line 47, in fromRoman raise InvalidRomanNumeralError, 'Invalid Roman numeral: %s' % s InvalidRomanNumeralError: Invalid Roman numeral: MMMM ====================================================================== ERROR: toRoman should give known result with known input ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage7\romantest71.py", line 96, in testToRomanKnownValues result = roman71.toRoman(integer) File "roman71.py", line 28, in toRoman raise OutOfRangeError, "number out of range (must be 1..3999)" OutOfRangeError: number out of range (must be 1..3999) ====================================================================== ERROR: fromRoman(toRoman(n))==n for all n ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage7\romantest71.py", line 147, in testSanity numeral = roman71.toRoman(integer) File "roman71.py", line 28, in toRoman raise OutOfRangeError, "number out of range (must be 1..3999)" OutOfRangeError: number out of range (must be 1..3999) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 13 tests in 2.213s FAILED (errors=5)
Ahora que tenemos casos de prueba que fallan debido a los nuevos requisitos, debemos pensar en arreglar el código para que quede de acuerdo a estos casos de prueba. (Una cosa a la que lleva tiempo acostumbrarse cuando se empieza a usar pruebas unitarias es que el código probado nunca está “por delante” de los casos de prueba. Mientras esté por detrás sigue habiendo trabajo que hacer, y en cuanto alcanzan a los casos de uso, se deja de programar).
Este fichero está disponible en py/roman/stage7/ dentro del directorio de ejemplos.
"""Convert to and from Roman numerals""" import re #Define exceptions class RomanError(Exception): pass class OutOfRangeError(RomanError): pass class NotIntegerError(RomanError): pass class InvalidRomanNumeralError(RomanError): pass #Define digit mapping romanNumeralMap = (('M', 1000), ('CM', 900), ('D', 500), ('CD', 400), ('C', 100), ('XC', 90), ('L', 50), ('XL', 40), ('X', 10), ('IX', 9), ('V', 5), ('IV', 4), ('I', 1)) def toRoman(n): """convert integer to Roman numeral""" if not (0 < n < 5000):raise OutOfRangeError, "number out of range (must be 1..4999)" if int(n) <> n: raise NotIntegerError, "non-integers can not be converted" result = "" for numeral, integer in romanNumeralMap: while n >= integer: result += numeral n -= integer return result #Define pattern to detect valid Roman numerals romanNumeralPattern = '^M?M?M?M?(CM|CD|D?C?C?C?)(XC|XL|L?X?X?X?)(IX|IV|V?I?I?I?)$'
def fromRoman(s): """convert Roman numeral to integer""" if not s: raise InvalidRomanNumeralError, 'Input can not be blank' if not re.search(romanNumeralPattern, s): raise InvalidRomanNumeralError, 'Invalid Roman numeral: %s' % s result = 0 index = 0 for numeral, integer in romanNumeralMap: while s[index:index+len(numeral)] == numeral: result += integer index += len(numeral) return result
Puede que no se crea que estos dos pequeños cambios sean todo lo que necesitamos. ¡Hey!, no tiene por qué creer en mi palabra; véalo usted mismo:
fromRoman should only accept uppercase input ... ok toRoman should always return uppercase ... ok fromRoman should fail with blank string ... ok fromRoman should fail with malformed antecedents ... ok fromRoman should fail with repeated pairs of numerals ... ok fromRoman should fail with too many repeated numerals ... ok fromRoman should give known result with known input ... ok toRoman should give known result with known input ... ok fromRoman(toRoman(n))==n for all n ... ok toRoman should fail with non-integer input ... ok toRoman should fail with negative input ... ok toRoman should fail with large input ... ok toRoman should fail with 0 input ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 13 tests in 3.685s OK
Tener pruebas unitarias exhaustivas significa no tener nunca que depender de un programador que diga “Confíe en mí.”
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